Understandings:
- Bones and exoskeletons provide anchorage for muscles and act as levers.
- Movement of the body requires muscles to work in antagonistic pairs.
- Synovial joints allow certain movements but not others.
- Skeletal muscles fibres are multinucleated and contain specialized endoplasmic reticulum.
- Muscle fibres contain many myofibrils.
- Each myofibrils is made up of contractile sarcomeres.
- The contraction of the skeletal muscle is achieved by the sliding of actin and myosin filaments.
- Calcium ions and the proteins tropomyosin and troponin control muscle contractions.
- ATP hydrolysis and cross bridge formation are necessary for the filaments to slide.
- Antagonistic pairs of muscles in an insect leg.
- Annotations of a diagram of the human elbow.
- Drawing labelled diagrams of the structure of a sarcomere.
- Analysis of electron micrographs to find the state of concentration of muscle fibres.
- Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus-fluorescent calcium ions have been used to study the cyclic interactions in muscle contraction.
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