Understandings:
- Oxygen dissociation curves show the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
- Carbon dioxide is carried in solution and bound to hemoglobin in the blood.
- Carbon dioxide is transformed in red blood cells into hydrogen carbonate ions.
- The Bohr shift explains the increased release of oxygen by hemoglobin in respiring tissues.
- Chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in blood pH.
- The rate of ventilation is controlled by the respiratory control centre in the medulla oblongata.
- During exercise the rate of ventilation changes in response to the amount of CO2 in the blood.
- Fetal hemoglobin is different from adult hemoglobin allowing the transfer of oxygen in the placenta onto the fetal hemoglobin.
- Consequences of high altitude for gas exchange.
- pH of blood is regulated to stay within the narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45.
- Causes and treatments of emphysema.
- Analysis of dissociation curves for hemoglobin and myoglobin.
- Identification of pneumocytes, capillary endothelium cells and blood cells in light micrographs and electron micrographs of lung tissue.
- Scientists have a role in informing the public—scientific research has led to a change in public perception of smoking.
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